49 Material Fallacies

The same term used in two or more different senses.

Ambiguous word order or grammatical structure.

Ambiguous because of voice inflection, ironic or sarcastic tone or innuendo.

A form of begging the question, using words that evaluate and describe at the same time-e.g. flexible or traditional-instead of proving that something is good or bad by argument, you already assume it from word choice.

Slogans are fallacious when used as a substitute for an argument

Exaggeration-making an absurd extension-e.g. "you need to clean your room." "oh, so you want be to be your slave."

Refuting an unfairly weak, stupid or ridiculous version of your opponent's idea instead of the more reasonable idea he actually holds.

"Poisoning the well"-
Attacking the person instead of the issue
"Tu queque"-
Accusing your critic of the same thing he accuses you of instead of defending yourself.
"The genetic fallacy"-
Substituting a personal motive for a logical reason

"the appeal to reverence (for authority)"
Fallacious when the authority is irrelevant, unreliable, unnecessary, or when the appeal is dogmatic (claiming certainty).

"appeal to force"- to fear instead of reason
also the "appeal to desire"-its true because I want it to be true

"appeal to pity"-pity as a substitute for an argument

"appeal to shame"-shame is subjective and diverts from objective truth, facts and evidence.

"appeal to the populance"-fallacy of believing or doing something (or convincing others) because it is popular; because everyone else does it

"appeal to ignorance"-arguing that an idea must be true because we do not know that it is not true. Ignorance can never be a reason because premises express knowledge-claims.

Saying something is true simply, therefore it is true in a special case.
Applying a general principle to a special case without the needed qualification-ignores the facts about a special case that require the principle to be qualified