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Chapter 11: Cell Signaling
Three stages of Cell Signaling? |
Reception-being able to have a ligand bind to a protein.
Transduction-Amplifies the signal. Response-Respondes to the cell |
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Chapter 11: Cell Signaling
What is Paracrine signaling, Synaptic Signaling, and Endorcrine Signaling? |
Paracrine:Cells touching or very close by.
Synaptic: Close by, just the nervous cells. Endocrine: Long Distance travels in the blood stream. |
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Chapter 11: Cell Signaling
What is the name for a small molecule that spefically binds to the receptor? |
Ligand.
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Chapter 11: Cell Signaling
What are Ligand-gated channels? How do they work and where are they found? |
Ligand-gated: Little ball and chain that the base to open or close the channel based on if there is a ligand binding to it or not. Normally found in cell membrane.
Example: Neurons |
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Chapter 11: Cell Signaling
Up to 60% of medications exert their effects on what structure or a cell membrane? |
G-protein, in cell membrane and go off of medications effect.
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Chapter 11: Cell Signaling
The general name for an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein is? |
Phosphoralase
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Chapter 11: Cell Signaling
What is a scaffolding protein? |
Protein in cell signaling pathway that group together other proteins, and help with the efficiency.
Job: Group together multiple protein receptors so one signal activates them all. |
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Chapter 11: Cell Signaling
Why can one hormone have a diffrent effect in diffrent target cells? |
Multiple transductin pathways or receptor site was not present.
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Chapter 11: Cell Signaling
What is apoptosis? Why does it occure? What are characteristics of this process? |
Cell death.
Why: The cell gets a signal to commit cell death because the cell has fragmented DNA. Characteristics: blebbing process, cell shrinks, can lead to atrophy if it happens too much. Can produce Cancer cells if it lets bad DNA to keep producing. |
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Chapter 11: Cell Signaling
Why are protein kinases useful in the signal transduction pathway? |
Protein kinases speed up the rate at which a signal is sent.
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Chapter 11: Cell Signaling
What is the second messanger in the "fight or flight" response pathway? |
CAMP
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Chapter 11: Cell Signaling
Why do lipid-soluble signal molecules, such as testosterone, cross the membranes of all cells but affect only target cells? |
Because they have the receptors. (Most stay outside the cells)
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Chapter 43 : Immune Response
How does the immflamation response work? Is it innate or adaptive? |
Innate. Blood vessels dilate due to hystamines, that is produced by macrophages which allows more white blood cells to go to the infected area.
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Chapter 43 : Immune Response
What does the innate immune response look like? How are foreign particles broken down? |
Phagocytosis-engulfs a pathagen into a lysosome, (White blood cell), contians enzymes to break down the foreign bodies.
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Chapter 43 : Immune Response
What chemicals/medications can be used to decrease the inflammation response? |
Anti-histamines. There for the histamines can not bind.
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