AP World History Ch. 25, 26, 27

-creole military officer in northern South America-won series of victories in Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822-military success led to creation of independent state of Gran Columbia

-conservative creole officer in Mexican army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence-combined forces entered Mexico City in 1821-later proclaimed emperor of Mexico until its collapse in 1824

-mexican priest who established independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810-despite early victories, was captured and executed

-in Caracas, Bogota, and Mexico local elites, pretending to be loyal to deposed King Ferdinand, set up juntas to rule in his name, but they ruled on their own behalf

-leader of slave rebellion on the French sugar island of St. Domingue in 1791 that led to creation of independent republic of Haiti

-independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolivar -existed only until 1830, at which time Columbia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations

-a leader of the struggle for independence in southern South America -born in Argentina, he served in the Spanish army but joined in the movement for independence-collaborated with Simon Bolivar in liberation of Peru

-Portuguese monarch who established seat of government in Brazil from 1808 to 1820 as a result of Napoleonic invasion of Iberian peninsula-made Brazil seat of empire with capital at Rio de Janeiro

-(2798-1834) son and successor of Joao VI in Brazil-aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822-became constitutional emperor of Brazil

-Mestizo general who established union of independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829 and 1839

-independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies-sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule-typical throughout newly independent countries of LA

- Latin American politicians who wanted politics, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be set by regional governments rather than centralized national administrations-often supported by politicians who described themselves as liberals

-Latin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized national governments with broad powers -often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives

-American declaration stated in 1823 -established that any attempt of a European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the United States-supported by Great Britain as a means of opening Latin American trade

-bird droppings utilized as fertilizer -exported from Peru as a major item of trade between 1850 and 1880-income from trade permitted end to American Indian tribute and abolition of slavery