ARCH 249 Final Exam

Parthenon, Acropolis of Athens, Greece447-432 BCEClassical PeriodSponsor: PeriklesArchitects: Iktinos & KallikratesMaster Sculptor: Pheidias438 - Statue finishedDoric orderperipteral, 8x17 columns4 rooms (pronaos, cella, opithonaos, opisthodomos)Optical Refinements: stylobate curvature, column inclination, and column entasisPediment Sculptures - East (Birth of Athena), West (Athena vs. Poseidon)Metopes - East (Gods vs. Giants), South (Greeks vs. Centaurs), West (Athens vs. Amazons), North (Greeks vs. Trojans)friezes - procession

Erecthion (Temple of Athena Polias)Acropolis of Athens, Greece421-406 BCE
Classical Period Caraytids on South Porchsacred olive tree of Athenaold wooden statue of Athena

PantheonRome, Italyc 118-128 CEArchitect Hadrian or Apollodorus?Traditionally dated to Hadrian, but might have been started durign Trajan's reign rotunda142 ft diameter, 142 ft highhemispherical concrete dome resting on a cylindrical drumoculusCorinthian columns and niches in bottomdecorated atticcoffered domeApril 21st - sunlight hits center of main dome"Marcus Aggrippa made it"

Old St. Peter's Basilicac 318-322 CERome, ItalyEarly Christainfunded by Constantinemodeled after Roman law courts because they could hold a lot of people Programming

1. path for processional and exit of clergy
2. an altar area where the clergy celebrated mass
3. a space for the segregation of the clergy from the congregation during the procession and communion
4. An area for the separation of the catachumens (un-baptized) from the faithful

Plan

• nave
• aisles
• transept - hall at perpendicular to the nave of the apse
• atrium
• narthex - entry portico b/w atrium and man

Hagia Sophia532-537 CEIstanbul (Constantinople)Early Christian/ByzantinePatrons: Justinian & TheodoraArchitects: Anthemius & Isidorusdome

• masonry made with light bricks from Greece
• entrance vestibule to church
• this one is double wide
• cells employ groin vaults

nave (naos)sanctuary apse - apse on east endaisles - north and southdome covers nave + aisles

• 107 ft tall & rises 180 ft above floor
• 40 windows at base of dome
• The addition of the two semi-domes creates a clear span of nearly 250 ft
• supported on pendentives
• Two half-domes at East and West supported by three arches
• four smaller half-domes at corners

Theotokos & Child

• apse mosaic
• mother and christ
• c 867
• "Seat of Wisdom"
• Middle Byzantine (843-1204)

San Vitale538-548Ravenna, ItalyEarly Christian/Byzantine central plandome octagonapsidal chapelscentral domed area supported on 8 piersbookmatching - symmetrical marble apse mosaic

• Christ enthroned, seated on a globe, flanked by angels, Saint Vitalis, and Bishop Eclesius, with model of church
• Recall Gudea of Lagash, Neo-Sumerian period

north wall

• Emperor Justinian
• Church officials
• shield XP shape, ki and ro, first two letters of christ

south wall

• empress theodora
• 3 wise men embroidered into her robe

Dome of the Rock687-691 CEJerusalem, IsraelMuslim where Muhammad ascended into heavanAbd al-Malik ordered constructionexterior tiles - 16th centurycentral planderived from Roman & Byzantine precedentscircumambulationsurrounds rockinterior

• polychrome columns and voussoirs
• geometric and floral designs (arabesque)
• callgraphy - quotations from Quran, Naskh and Kufic script

Great Mosque (Mezquita) at Cordoba785 CE
Cordoba, SpainMuslim One Minaretsahn - gardenhypostyle prayer hallqibla walmihrabchurch

• 1236 - Catedral Nuestra Senora de la Asuncion

arch forms

• horseshoe
• lobed
• interlaced

reused Roman and Visigoth columnsmihrab & maqsura

• separated for ruling family to worship
• added after assassination attempt

Brihedesvara Temple11th centuryTanjor, IndiaSouthern Hindu Rajaraja Temple to ShivaVimanabuilt by Chola dynasty (Rajaraja I)Longitudinal axis

Inner Ise Shrine690 CE to presentUji-Yamada, JapanShintodedicated to kami of imperial familyapproach through gates (torii)purification at founainsaxial alignment: four cocentric sets of fences surround the shrine (shoden)each centered through a gatewayrebuilt every 20 yearsmade out of Japanese cypruselevatedtwo principal posts, wooden cross beamsroof with thatchhorizontal bars for holding thatch in placedesign comes from ganary

Palatine ChapelAachen, Germany792-805 CECarolingian palatine - home of Roman emperorsDesigned by Odo of MetzBuilt by Lombard Masonsemphasis on western entrance, westwork, a two-story narthex with twin stair towersdomed, double-shelled, two-storied octaon (16 segments)compare to S. Vitale, 5262nd floor gallery with arched openings, two tiers of Corinthian columns (possibly reused from a Roman palace in Ravenna, Italy"spolia" - spoils of warsymbolism of recycled elements?clerestory & dome aboveserved as palace chapel, a place to display Christian relics, and later turned into a museumrelics collected by Charlemagne

• the cloak of the Blessed Virgin Mary
• swaddling clothes of Jesus
• loincloth worn by Christ on cross
• cloth on which head of John the Baptist lay

Throne for the emperor in 2ch floor gallerydome

• octagonal cloister vault (8 curving triangular segments)
• symoblism of 8? biblical references
• circle plus square = eternity and secular life
• mosaic in dome

OratoryGermigny-des-Pres, France806-810 CE
Caronlingian Built for Theodulf, Bishop of Orleans, Abbot of Floury

• Advisor to Charlemagne

oratory - private chapelgreek-cross plan with square central towerstone with tiled roofplan is supplemented with horseshoe arches on endscompare to mausoleum of Galla Placida

Plan of St. Gallca 817 Plan ("program") of IDEAL monastery from library at St. Gall in Switzerlandmade by Abbot Haito of Reichenau for Abbot Gozbert of St. Galloldest surviving architectural drawing form Medievalcomponents of religious community

• church
• cloister
• dormitory
• refectory
• kitchen (& brewery)
• hospital
• library
• barns & stables
• guest rooms

church

• at heart of monastery
• double-ended basilica with western hemicycle flanked by twin cylindrical towers
• open to monks at all times of day

Abbey Church of St. Matin-du-CanigouFrance1001-1026Romanesque Patron: Guifred II, Count of Cerdagneadaptation of basilica-plan

Church of St. PhlibertTournus, Francec 950-1120Romanesque basilica plan churchfacade with westworkdecorative "lombard bands"crypt below choir in east with relics of St. Philibert groin/cross vaults in aislestransverse barrel vaults

• diaphragm arch - arch spanning nave or aisle, supports nave or aisle and divides ceiling into compartments
• clerestory