ARTH201 University of Maryland (QUIZ 2)

Titian, "Bacchanal," 1518. Oil on canvass-1 out of 4 seasons (summer)-intentionally sensuous-wine=summer-reclining nude figure in the foreground = acceptable because it's in a mythological setting

Titian, "Venus of Urbino," 1538.-Commissioned by Duke of Urbino-depicted in upper-class home so becomes controversial b/c sexual-could be prostitute, new wife, mythological-puppy represents fidelity (why associated with marriage portrait)-2 maids are digging through cissone (marriage chests) which contain dowry-image created through gradations of light (Venetian manner contrary to that of Florence-Botticelli's "Birth of Venus"

Tintoretto (Jacopo Robusti), "The last Supper," 1594-interested in complex compositions-more energetic than Michelangelo's or Titian's-placed in dining hall in San Giorgio Maggiore, looks like friars' dining hall continues into the painting-last major work, painted the year he died-at the cusp of the Mannerists (goal=break away from traditions of Italian Renaissance), beginning of Baroque (contrast between light and dark)-calm of Da Vinci's interrupted bc Christ is not centered, table is not in picture plane-dynamic, activated image-seems like a contemporary dining hall with contemporary servants and maids (uncommon of scene of Last Supper bc earthly figures included)-clouds of angels flying in-light hilights religious figures, mundane figures left in dark. Christ = light of the world, brightest around his head

Parmigianino-self-portrait-presentation piece to Pope Clement VII to show his skill, considered the new Raphael in Rome-depicted modestly-distortion of image bc looking into convex mirror-painted on special canvass made in convex shape

Parmigianino, "The Madonna with the Long Neck," 1535-Virgin and Child but reflection of Michelangelo's Pieta image (Virgin Mary holding dead son after crucifixion) - Child is laying down, sleeping, large-most famous painting, left unfinished at his death-in Baroque period oval shape becomes most important-ancient greek vessel in foreground echoes shape of Virgin's body, oval shaped head, oval shaped body-column behind Virgin associated with immaculate conception but also Christ being tied to column and flagellated/tortured before executed-tiny prophet figure holds a scroll in lower corner, foretelling death of Christ-composition is not balanced, stable, or calm-viewer feels anxious bc Christ is about to fall off of Mary's lap-one side full of figures, other side empty

Bronzino, "Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time," 1546-commissioned by d'Medici as gift to ruler of France (Francis I)-complex allegory and composition-meant to be strange-depicted in flat/narrow plane, blue curtain is immediate backdrop-Father Time (bald) represents -Fraud, masked face upper left, flawed love-Cupid and Venus - "incestuous embrace" - steals her crown-Venus draws us in bc beautiful but artificial (cold, white marble statue)-about artifice, masked empty love, appearance-Folly is one with roses-Jealousy tearing his hair-little girl behind Folly represents bittersweet quality of love (head on a serpent body, distorted hand looks disconnected from body)

Giovanni da Bologna, "Rape of the Sabine Women," Loggia dei Lanzi, Piazza della Signoria, Florence, 1583-artistic experiment - dynamic, twisted composition-meant to walk around on both sides-title given later (not at all intention of work)-Romans stole Sabine women-contrasts with still/calm of Michelangelo's "David"-activating figures, moving through space, projection of limbs

El Greco, "The Burial of Court Orgaz," Church of Santo Tome, Toledo, Spain, 1586-trained as icon painter, moved to Venice and influenced by Titian and Tintoretto (stark contrast of light and dark)-emphasizes Catholic idea that Good Works are required to get into heaven (counter-reformation work)-Count Orgaz is Medeival figure buried in 1483, claim that St. Stephen and Augustin appeared at burial-scene is 16th century Spain, includes important Church members-3 layers-1. count being lowered into grave-2. worldly level, depiction of historic event-3. celestial realm, representation of heaven (etherial, smoky, elongated bodies, angels=clouds)-painting style in layers is very different, should be clear distinction btw real and sacred, we should not look at heavenly figures and believe they are real people-filled entire wall w/tomb slab below-viewer's position taken into account; supposed to stand very close and look directly up

Palladio, Villa Rotonda, Vicenza, 1567-70-still adheres to classic Roman and Renaissance ideals (no Mannerist architecture)-architecture should be governed by rules/reason-wrote "The Four Books on Architecture" in 1570 - more practical than other treatises-buildings adhere to his theory more than other architects-country resident built for humanist-square block surmounted by round dome, portico/entry on each side (every side has different view, point is to view countryside)-round dome similar to Pantheon-circle and square = 2 most important shapes

Hieronymus Bosch, "The Garden of Earthly Delights." 1505-1510.-Possible Bosch was in a religious sect-probably knew Ghent altarpiece, mystical land of Christ, same panorama of landscape but human/animal life-Inspired my Medeival texts, alchemy, grotesque, illustration of witchcraft, bestiaries-Doesn't conform to Italian ideals of perspective (giant birds) but linear perspective and aerial perspective utilized-use of space and light, observation of natural world (even if used to create a fantasy image)-Creation of Eve-Garden of Earthly Delights: Is it paradise? ravens/owls (witchcraft) suggest otherwise. Carnal pleasure, exotic delicacies. Fountain of Life in the center (perverse/erotic)-Hell: you pay for the indulgence of your carnal appetites. Person in center is a portrait (could be a self-portrait). Devil uses music to lure your soul by lowering self-discipline and awakening too many sensual pleasures. Eggs are alchemical symbols of Creation/sex, rats are symbols of falsehood, dead fish symbolize past memories. Nun pig says church is not above sin. Gambler impaled with cards.-oil: extraoridinary quality of details (like Van Eyck) but explosion of imagination-inspired Dali-deeply pessimistic (fear/anxiety of afterlife, soul searching)

(CLOSED) Matthias Grunewald, "Isenheim Altarpiece." Chapel of the Hospital of St. Anthony, Isenheim, 1510-1515.-Mary Magdalen, John the Baptist-expressive representation of Christ in agony on the cross-body is distorted to communicate emotion-physical agony/tortures and emotional responses of those who loved Christ-posed against a black sky-low horizon line-light used to model shape of figure-proportions are not idealized like Italians-like foreshortened Christ by Mantegna, wounds directly in your face so you have to be aware of the suffering of the man who died for your sins-hospital devoted to victims of St. Anthony's disease caused by fungus on rye bread, cause hallucinations and gangreene of the limbs, feel like they are burning alive at the stake

(OPEN) Matthias Grunewald, "Isenheim Altarpiece." Chapel of the Hospital of St. Anthony, Isenheim, 1510-1515.-Annunciation, Music-Making Angels (nativity), Virgin and Child, Resurrection-would only be open at certain times (holidays, festivals)-resurrection promises patients redemption after their suffering-vibrant, iridescent colors intended to give peace, calm, grace and joy of the rising Christ-Northern artists more interested in incorporating aspects of daily life (tub, like Merode triptych), gives you more access to Christ

(OPEN) Matthias Grunewald, "Isenheim Altarpiece." Chapel of the Hospital of St. Anthony, Isenheim, 1510-1515.-sculpture (polychrome, guilded) only seen on highest of holy days-typical of Northern altarpieces to have sculpture on the inside-St. Anthony meeting with St. Paul in the desert on the left, temptation of St. Anthony on the right-scene of supernatural intensity like Bosch, saint being tortured by the animals-person with boils seems to be suffering from St. Anthony's disease

Durer, "Self Portrait at Age 33," 1500.-began as printmaker-Northern artist to achieve international fame in his 20's-writer, intellectual-self portrait as Christ (but not an uncommon trope), prophetic mission of the artist, artist experience sacrifice/suffering, obligations and moral responsibility of artist-very famous for nature drawings

Durer, "Hare," 1502, watercolors-exact representations of nature-later incorporated into paintings-signed and dated drawings so considered finished