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Cards In This Set
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The _______ interacts with the cortex to produce cortical EEG rhythms.
amygdala, hippocampus, raphe nucleus, thalamus |
Thalamic-cortical circuits generate cortical EEG rhythms in the upper
cortical layers. Thousands of synapses are synchronized together, due to
their shared input signals, so they simultaneously depolarize (become
more positive) or hyperpolarize (become more negative).
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_ ions enter a neuron when it reaches the threshold of excitation.
Calcium, Chloride, Potassium, Sodium |
Sodium channels open permitting sodium ion entry when a neuron reaches
the threshold of excitation. This allows a neuron's membrane potential
to briefly become positive and produces the action potential.
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Axoaxonic synapses _______
alter the amount of neurotransmitter released by the postsynaptic neuron control the presynaptic neuron's rate of firing directly contribute to neural integration exchange ions |
Axoaxonic synapses involve chemical communication between two terminal
buttons. They can increase or decrease the amount of neurotransmitter
released by the postsynaptic neuron.
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When a neuron is at rest, the inside of an axon _______.
is negatively charged with respect to the outside is positively charged with respect to the outside is not charged contains more sodium ions than the outside |
When a neuron is at rest, the inside of an axon is negatively charged with respect to the outside. A nominal value is -70 mV.
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A node of Ranvier is a(n) _______. bundle of microtubules uninsulated region of an myelinated axon collection of ganglia spine on the shaft of a dendrite  |
A node of Ranvier is an uninsulated region of an axon where ions can
move across its membrane. The node of Ranvier allows a neuron to
regenerate a weakened action potential so that it can reach the terminal
button
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Neuron terminal buttons ______ Supply the cell with nutrients andd oxygen, provide insulation, transmit electrical impulses or release neurotransmitters
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Neuron terminal buttons release neurotransmitters across synaptic clefts and into the extracellular fluid.
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The part of the neuron that carries information to its own cell body is called the _____.
Soma, Axon, Dendrite, Terminal Button |
A dendrite carries information to the cell body (soma).
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The voltage level that triggers an action potential is called _______.an epsp, ipsp, depolarization, threshold of excitement
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The voltage level that triggers an action potential is called the
threshold of excitation. This threshold is approximately 20 mV more
positive than a neuron's resting potential.
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Presynaptic facilitation and presynaptic inhibition both take place at the _____.
axon hillock, dendrite spine, node of ranvier or terminal button |
Presynaptic facilitation and presynaptic inhibition both take place at
the terminal button and are produced by axoaxonic synapses. Presynaptic
facilitation increases neurotransmitter release while presynaptic
inhibition decreases it.
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To which of these would a neurotransmitter attach to produce long-lasting changes in neurons like an increase in vigilance?
G protein, ionotropic receptor, metabotropic receptor, second messenger |
A neurotransmitter would attach to a metabotropic receptor to produce
long-lasting neuronal changes like vigilance. Neurotransmitter binding
activates G proteins which can produce changes in a neuron's membrane
potential and performance.
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Which would produce an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)?
sodium ions entering a neuron, potassium ions leaving a neuron, chloride ions entering a neuron or both potassium ions leaving a neuron and chloride ions entering a neuron |
An IPSP is a negative change in a neuron's membrane potential that makes
it less likely to initiate an action potential. Both positive potassium
ions leaving a neuron and negative chloride ions entering a neuron can
produce IPSPs.
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Which structure is involved in aggression, defense, fear, and reproduction?
amygdala, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, thalamus |
The amygdala, a limbic structure, is involved in aggression, defense, fear, and reproduction.
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Which of these detects and generally reduces transmitter synthesis and release?
autoreceptor, ion channels, ionotropic receptors, or transporters |
Autoreceptors are metabotropic receptors that detect and generally
reduce neurotransmitter synthesis and release. Autoreceptors are
presynaptic neuron receptors that are linked to a G-protein.
Autoreceptors bind circulating drugs, neurochemicals released
extracellularly by the neuron itself, or neurochemicals released by
other neurons. Autoreceptors help neurons adjust the synthesis and and
release of neurochemicals through the second-messenger system.
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The process by which ions of a similar charge repel each other and thus evenly distribute themselves is called electrostatic pressure, the resting potential, diffusion or integration
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The process by which ions of a similar charge repel each other and thus
evenly distribute themselves is called electrostatic pressure.
Electrostatic pressure is one of two processes (the other is diffusion)
that determine the distribution of ions inside and outside of a neuron's
membrane.
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The specialized proteins located in neuronal membranes that have passages that can open or close are called G proteins, autoreceptors, ion channels, voltage gates |
The specialized proteins located in neuronal membranes that have passages that can open or close are called ion channels.
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