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Cards In This Set
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Classify bones according to their shapes and name an example from each group.
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-long bones- longer than they are wide (femur)
-short bones- equal in length and width (ankle) -flat- broad and thin (ribs, skull) -irregular bones- wide variety of shapes (vertebrae) -round or sesmoid bones- round in shape, endure alot of pressure (knee cap) |
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Describe the general structure of a typical long bone and list the functions of the parts.
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-2 epiphyses (made of spongy bone) contain red marrow. covered in hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage
-diaphysis (made of compact bone) has the medullary cavity lined with endosteum filled with yellow bone marrow and blood vessels -periosteum- what covers the bone besides the ends (plays an important role in the formation and repair of bone tissue) |
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Describe how bone is similar to reinforced concrete.
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-it provides concrete (compressional strength) calcium phosphate
-containing steel rods (tensile strength) collagen fibers |
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Describe the microscopic organization of compact bone.
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-bone consists of osteons cemented together- the basic unit of compact bone
-each osteon has a Haversian canal(contains blood vessels and nerves) surrounded by lamellae (concentric rings of bone) -osteocytes nestle in a lacuna (little cavity) -canaliculi (provide routes so that things can pass through the osteocytes |
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List and describe the four types of cells found in bone.
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-osteoprogenitor cells- stem cells in endosteum, periosteum, and bone marrow compartment
-osteoblasts- derived from osteoprogenitor cells. secretes organic components of matrix. make bone -ostecytes- derived from osteoblasts. involved in bone maintence -osteoclasts- multinucleate cell that secretes acid and proteases to dissolve bone matrix |
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Describe osteoporosis, its possible causes and therapy.
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-a condition found in many postmeopausal Caucasian women and older men
-too much bone is being dissolved and not enough is manufactured -treatment estrogen, calcitonin, and bisphosphonates |
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Distinguish osteoposis from osteopetrosis. Whats the difference?
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-osteoposis- a condition found in many postmeopausal Caucasian women and older men, its because too much bone is being dissolved and not enough is manufactured
-osteopetrosis- a congenital condition present at birth. more bone is manufactured than it is dissolved |
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Describe the role of RANK Ligand and osteoprotegerin in bone remodeling and in osteoporosis.
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-RANK Ligand- essential in bone remodeling, activity must be monitored so that bone formation and bone reabsorption are balanced
-balanced by osteroprotegerin. binds RANK Ligand and takes it out of action |
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Name and describe the condition cause by lack of vitamin D.
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-rickets
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Distinguish intramembranous and endochondral bones and describe their development.
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-intramembranous - fibrous membrane
-endochondral - cartilage (embryonic life) |
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Describe the five important factors that affect bone development, repair, and turnover.
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-minerals (calcium, phosphate)
-vitamins (C, A, D) -hormones (growth hormone, sex hormones, parathyroid, thyroid) -exercise (bones become thicker with exercise) -aging (age related loss of calcium) |
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Describe four stages of repair in bone fracture.
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-fracture hematoma formation (blood escapes from ruptured blood vessels)
-fibrocartilagenious callus formation (spongy bone forms in new areas surrounding new blood vessels, fibrocartilage forms in more distant areas) -bony callus formation (bone replaces fibrocartilage) -remodeling (osteoclasts and osteoblasts remodel and refashion the fracture) |
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Describe five major functions of bones.
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-support and protection
-lever arms for the muscles to act upon -blood cells are produces in the red bone marrow -storage depots for Ca++ -energy |
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Describe three major different types of joints and the tissues that hold them together.
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-fibrous joints- bones are tightly together (syndesmosis, suture, gomphosis)
-cartilaginous joints- bones that permit movement (synchondrosis, symphysis) -synovial joints- freely movable (act without jamming) |
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List the subtypes of the joints above, when applicable.
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-fibrous joints (syndesmosis, suture, gomphosis)
-cartilaginous joints (synchondrosis, symphysis) |
