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Cards In This Set
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What does differential gene expression lead to?
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Differential protein expression (different shape, receptors, function, etc.)
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What are somatic cells?
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Non-sex cells. all somatic cells have the same DNA, but express a different set of genes.
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DNA to protein
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DNA RNA polymerase >> mRNA (messenger) Ribosome >> Protein
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DNA
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Where information is stored
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Cell signaling
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Cells receive an array of signals that tell them what to do. They constantly need to get the "survive" signal. Can also be told to grow, divide, differentiate, or die.
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Apoptosis
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Programmed cell death. Sometimes cells need to die. For example: as a fetus grows it develops skin between fingers, but eventually the cells die.
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Cancer and apoptosis
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Sometimes in cancer the "die" pathway is broken so cell survives when it should die
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Cell signaling and outcomes
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The same signal can be received by the same receptor, but depending on the cell type the signal may effect different outcomes. For example: acetylcholine in: heart muscle cell (decreased rate and force of contraction), salivary gland cell (secretion), and skeletal muscle cell (contraction)
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How might different cell types effect different outcomes when signal and signal receptor are the same?
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1. The cytosolic signaling molecules and effector are different2. The transcription factors that get activated are different*One of these two has to happen to get a different outcome when signal and signal receptor are the same
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Cell signaling and signal transduction
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Cell gets signal ----> receptor receives signal -----> receptor activates protein kinases -----> kinases activate transcription factors -----> transcription factors mark genes for expression -----> signal transduction (gene regulation)
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Simplified Signal Transduction Pathway
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MAPK/RTK pathway is a domino effect of kinases activating each other. In this case, receptor is modeled after RTK (receptor tyrosine kinase), which functions as a receptor on the outside and kinase domain on the inside.
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Cancer in the simplified pathway
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Kinase can become overreactive, always telling a cell to divide which leads to cancer. try to get cancer cells to die (apoptosis) through drugs.
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Phosphorylation
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Kinase takes phosphate from ATP and sticks phosphate to protein
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Kinase
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A kinase is an enzyme and the chemical rxn it catalyzes is adene-gamma beta lambda (ATP). The kinase strips the gamma phosphate from the phosphate chain
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Dimerization
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Receptor proteins come together when signal comes in (occurs upon signal binding). Dimers include 2 protein receptors, while trimers include 3, etc.
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