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Related Flashcards
Cards In This Set
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What is the cause of breast cancer?
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Unknown.
thought to be due tto exposure to unopposed endogenous estrogen. also linked to mutations in BRCA genes. |
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What are risk factors of breast cancer?
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1) age - 85% of breast cancers occur above the age of 40
2) obesity - due to the peripheral conversion of androstenodione to estrone and the decrease in the levels of sex steroid binding gluobulins 3) demographic area - thought to be linked to a high fat diet 4) prolonged menstruation 5) ionizing radiation 6)previous history of breast cancer 7) Heavy alcohol consumption 8) higher age of first parity 9) Mutations in BRCA 1 and 2 Genes |
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What percentage of breast cancers are genetic?
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5-10%
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What is the life time risk of breast cancer in women with BRCA 1 and 2 mutations?
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85%
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What is the life time risk of ovarian cancer in women with BRCA 1 and 2 mutations?
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With BRCA 1 40 - 50%
With BRCA 2 15 - 20% |
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What is the mean diameter of a breast mass discovered by women who perform self exams at monthly intervals.
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2 cm
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On what chromosomes are BRCA 1 and 2 located?
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Chromosome 17 and 13 respectively
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What % of women with risk factors develop cancer?
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25%
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What is the life time risk of developing breast cancer without a single risk factor?
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1 in 17, the same risk as lung cancer in a woman who smokes!
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Treatments that can reduce the risk of breast cancer?
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1. prophylactic bilateral oophorectomy before age 35 without hormone replacement - reduces the risk by 70%
2. prophylactic bilateral mastectomy - by 90%
3. tamoxifen use - does not reduce the risk of devleloping estrogen receptor neg cancers
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What are the established methods of detection for breast cancer?
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1. self-examination of the breasts
2. periodic examination by physicians, and
3. mammography
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What are the kinetics of growth of breast tissue?
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The average breast mass doubles in volume every 100 days and doubles in diameter every 300 days
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Growth rate of breast cancer
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A breast carcinoma grows for 6 to 8 years before reaching a diameter of 1 cm. In slightly less than another year the carcinoma will reach 2 cm in diameter.
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What position Should the patient be ideally for the physician to detect axillary masses?
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Sitting
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A. skin retraction
b. peu d'orange
c. retraction of right nipple
d. retraction of left nipple
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