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Cards In This Set
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PLANTS MAKE THEIR OWN SUGARS FROM CO2 BY
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PHOTOSYTHESIS
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ANIMALS OBTAIN SUGARS AND OTHER MOLECULES
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SUCH AS STARCH THAT ARE EASILY BROKEN DOWN INTO SUGARS BY EATING OTHER ANIMALS
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ENERGY STORED AS "HIGH ENERGY" CHEMICAL BONDS
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COVALENT BONDS THAT RELEASE LARGE AMOUNTS OF ENERGY WHEN HYDROLYZED
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ACTIVATED CARRIER MOLECULES
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ATP AND NADPH
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ATP AND NADPH
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ARE CARRIER MOLECULES IN TURN SERVE AS PORTABLE SOURCES OF THE CHEMICAL GROUPS NEEDED FOR BIOSYNTHESIS
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CATABOLISM
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BREAKDOWN OF SUGARS
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THE CONTROLLED STEPWISE OXIDATION OF SUGAR THAT OCCURS IN THE CELL PRESERVES
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USEFUL ENERGY, UNLIKE THE SIMPLE BURNING OF THE SAME FUEL MOLECULE
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ANIMAL CELLS MAKE ATP IN TWO WAYS
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ENZYME-CATALYZED REACTIONS ARE DIRECTLY COUPLED TO THE ENERGETICALLY UNFAVORABLE REACTION ADP + Pi ---> ATP
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CATABOLISM
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THE BREAKDOWN PROCESS WHICH USES ENZYMES TO DEGRADE COMPLEX MOLECULES INTO SIMPLER ONES
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THE TOTAL FREE ENERGY RELEASED BY THE OXIDATION OF GLUCOSE
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686KCAL/MOLE (2880 KJ/MOLE)
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STAGE ONE IN THE ENZYMATIC BREAKDOWN OF FOOD MOLECULES
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DIGESTION OCCURS EITHER OUTSIDE CELLS (IN OUR INTESTINE) OR IN A SPECIALIZED ORGANELLE EITHIN CELLS CALLED THE LYSOSOME
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DIGESTIVE ENZYMES REDUCE THE LARGE POLYMERIC MOLECULES IN FOOD INTO
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THEIR MONOMERIC SUBUNITS: PROTEINS INTO AMINO ACIDS, POLYSACCHARIDES INTO SUGARS AND FATS INTO FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROL
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STAGE TWO OF CELLULAR CATABOLISM
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A CHAIN OF REACTIONS CALLED GLYCOLYSIS CONVERTS EACH MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE INTO TWO SMALLER MOLECULES OF PYRUVATE
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DURING THE FORMATION OF PYRUVATE
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TWO TYPES OF ACTIVATED CARRIER MOLECULES ARE PRODUCED: ATP AND NADH
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THE PYRUVATE IS THEN TRANSPORTED FROM THE CYTOSOL INTO THE MITOCONDRIAS INTERNAL COMPARTMENT CALLED THE
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MATRIX
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