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AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)The symptoms and signs present during the late stages of HIV infection, defined by a specified reduction in the number of T cells and the appearance of characteristic secondary infections.
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Bacteriophage(bak-ter´-e-o-faj) A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage.
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CapsidThe protein shell that encloses a viral genome. It may be rod-shaped, polyhedral, or more complex in shape.
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HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)The infectious agent that causes AIDS. HIV is a retrovirus.
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Host rangeThe limited range of host cells that each type of virus can infect.
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Lysogenic cycle(li´-so-jen´-ik) A type of phage reproductive cycle in which the viral genome becomes incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage and does not kill the host.
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Lytic cycle(lit´-ik) A type of phage reproductive cycle resulting in the release of new phages by lysis (and death) of the host cell.
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PandemicA global epidemic.
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PrionAn infectious agent that is a misfolded version of a normal cellular protein. Prions appear to increase in number by converting correctly folded versions of the protein to more prions
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Prophage(pro'-faj) A phage genome that has been inserted into a specific site on a bacterial chromosome.
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ProvirusA viral genome that is permanently inserted into a host genome.
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Restriction enzymeAn endonuclease (type of enzyme) that recognizes and cuts DNA molecules foreign to a bacterium (such as phage genomes). The enzyme cuts at specific nucleotide sequences (restriction sites).
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Retrovirus(re´-tro-vi´-rus) An RNA virus that reproduces by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome; an important class of cancer-causing viruses.
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Reverse transcriptase(tran-skrip´-tas) An enzyme encoded by certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.
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Temperate phageA phage that is capable of reproducing by either a lytic or lysogenic cycle.
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VaccineA harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates a host’s immune system to mount defenses against the pathogen.
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Viral envelopeA membrane that cloaks the capsid that in turn encloses a viral genome.
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Viroid(vi´-royd) A plant pathogen consisting of a molecule of naked, circular RNA a few hundred nucleotides long.
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Virulent phageA phage that reproduces only by a lytic cycle.
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