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-Carl Roger's .....central concept is the notion of the self, of the "organized consistent conceptual gestalt composed of perceptions of the characteristics of the 'I' or 'me' and the perceptions of the relationships of the 'I' or 'me' to others and to various aspects of life, together w/ the values attached to these perceptions." - to grow toward self-actualization, the self must remain unified, organized, and whole -maladptive beh: self becomes disorganized as result of incongruence b/n self & experience which can occur ewhn the individual experiences conditions of worth. (e.g., child finds out parents postiive regard is conditional) - therapy goals: achieve congruence b/n self & experience - therapy techniques: unconditional positive regard; genuineness (congruence) & accurate empathic understanding

-founded by Fritz Perls; based on premise that each person is capable of assuming personal responsibility for own thoughts, feelings, and actions and living as an integrated "whole." -draws on principles from psychoanlysis, phemenology, existentialism, and Gestalt psychology (branch of psych related to perception). -Concepts include: (1) people tend to seek closure; (2) a perons's "gestalts" (perceptions of parts as wholes) reflect his/her current needs; (3) a peron's behaiovr represents a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts; (4) behvaior can be fully understood in only its context; and (5) a person experiences the world in accord w/ the principle of figure/ground.

-Per Perls, personality consists of self and the self-image. -self is creative aspect of the personality that promotes the individual's inherent tendency for self-actualization, or the ability to live as fully integrated person. -self-image, the "darker side" of the personality, hinders growth and self-actualization by imposing external standards. - which part dominates depends on person's early interactions w/ the environment -if child is given support only in the form of approval and/or is shielded from all frustration, this will curtail development of the self and facilitate development of the self-image

-Neurotic behavior is considered a "growth disorder" that involves abandonment of the self for the self-image and a resulting lakc of integration. -Stems from a disturbance in the boundary b/n the self and the external environment, which interferes w/ the person's ability to satisfy his or her needs and maitain homeostasis.

- 4 major boundary disturbances *Introjection: occurs when a perosn psychologically swallows whole concepts (accepts facts w/out understanding them or fully assimilating them). Have trouble distinguishing between "me" and "not me" and in hterapy are often overly compliant. *Projection: disowning aspects of self by assigning them to other people. Exterme projection can result in paranoia. *Retroflection: doing to oneself what one wants to do to others. Turn anger toward another person inward. *Confluence: absence of a boundary b/n the self and the environment. Causes intolerance of any differences b/n oneself and others and underlies feelings of guilt and resentment.

-Goals: help client achieve integration of the various aspects of the self to become a unified whole Techniques: -avoid diagnostic labels & view historical events as important only when they directly impinge on client's current functioning -regard transferecne to be counterproductive and reponsd to it by helping the client recognize the difference b/n his/her "transference fantasy" and reality. -Curative factor in therapy is awareness, defined as full understanding of one's thoughts, feelings, and actions in the here-and-now. -Empty-chair technique and other games of dialogue used to help clients become aware of and integrate aspects of personality that have been disowned or denied. -role play diff aspects of personality (e.g., top dog/underdog)

-Logotherapy and other existential therapies are derived from existential philsophy and share an empahsis on human conditions of deporsonalization, loneliness, and isolation and the assumption that most people are not static but, instead, are in a constant state of "becoming." -maladaptive beh: natural part of human condition. Anxiety normal response to constan threat of death. -Therapy goals & techniques: overcome troublesome feelings (e.g. meaningless) in order to live in more committed, self-aware, authentic, and meaningful ways. -clients are helped to recognize their freedom and to accept responsibility for changing themselves. -therapist-client relatioship= most important tool although specific interventions are sometimes used. -paradoxical intention- used to reduce a client's fear, requires the client to focus in an exaggerated and humorous way on feared situaion.

-William Glasser= founder -influenced by control theory which proposes that "human behavior is purposeful and originates from w/in the individual rather than from external forces." -based on premise that people can take control of their lives -per Glasser, people have several basic innate needs- four psychological needs (belonging, power, freedom, and fun) and one physicla need (survival). -when a person fulfills above in a responsible way (not infringing on rights others)...then they have adopted a success identity. When gratify needs in irresponsible manner= failure identity which Glasser belives undelries most forms of MR and emotional disturbance. -Therapy goals: identify responsible & effective ways to satisfy needs -in contrast to more traditional therapies...it (1) rejects the medical model and the concept of mental illness (2) focuses on current behs and beliefs (3) views transference as detrimental to therapy progress (4) stresses conscious processes (5) emphasizes value judgments, esp. clients ability to judge what is right and wrong in daily liife (6) teaches clients specific behaviors that will enable them to fulfill their needs

-influenced by pyschobiological apporach, Sullivan's interpersonal thearpy, and Bowlby's Attachment Theory *approach combines elements of CBT and psychodynamic tx -maladaptive beh: depression rleated to problems in social roles nad interpersonal relationships that are traceable to a lakc of strong attachments early in life. -Goals: focus on current relationships....goals are symptom reduction and imporved interpersonal function -1st goal achieved through education about depression, instillation of hope, and when necessary, pharmacotherpay -interventions address one or more of four problem areas- grief, interpersonal, role disputes, role transitions, and interpersonal deficits. - techniques: encouragement of affect, communication analysis, and modeling & role-playing to establish new ways of interacting.

-de Shazar (1985)- based on assumptino that "you get more of what you talk about" and consequently focuses on solutions to the client's problems rather than on the problems themselves -maladpative beh: undertanding etiology of problem irrelevant, only solution is important -therapy goals & techniques: client viewed as "expert" and therapist acts as a consultant/collaborator who poses questions designed to assist the client in recognizing and using his/her strengths and resources to achieve specific goals. - Miracle Question: "when you go to sleep tonite miracle happnes and problem is solved. when you awaek, how will you know miracle has occured. what will be different? -Exception Question: "Can you think of a time in the past week when you did not have the problem (or the problem was not as troublesome)? -Scaling Questions: "On a scale from 1 to 10, how did you feel last week. Or from 1 to 10, how motivated are you?" *intial session: client identifies specific goals ...and then above questions...therapist assigns task to complete before next session *subseqeunt sessions: starts w/ therapist asking "what's better since the last time we met?" ...then strategies of initial session repeated

-optimal interventions match to individual's stage of change -maladaptive beh: does not address etiology but focuses on factors that facilitate beh change Therapy goals & techniques: 1. precontemplation stage- little insight into need for change and does not intent to change (may be in denial or previous failures in attempts to change) 2. contemplation stage- aware of need for change, considering change in next 6 mos, but not committed to change. Aware of pros and cons but may be ambivalent aobut change and remains in this stage for an extended period. 3. preparation stage- plans to take action in immediate future (in next month) and has a realistic plan of action for changing beh. 4. action stage- takes concerte steps to change beh ....often makes public committment to change 5. maintenance stage- maintained a change in beh for at least 6 months and is taking steps to preventing lapse and relapse 6. termination stage- ultimate goal. during this stage person feels confident that there is no risk for relapse (this stage not included in original model)

-developed specifically for clients who are ambivalent about changing their bheviors -recognizes 5 stages of change like transtheoretical model -basic assumptions and procedures derived from Rogers' cleint-centered therapy and Bandura's notion of self-efficacy. - Client-centered aspects: stresses therapist empathy, reflective listening, and responding to client resistance in a nonconfrontational way. - self-efficay aspects: explicitly addresses the client's belives about his/her ability to change

-described by Ludwig von Bertalanffy---defines system as an entity that is maintained by the mutual interaction of its components and proposes that actions of interacting components are best understood by studying them in their context -Consisten w/ systems theory, famliy therapists view the family as a primary open system that continously recieves input from and dishcarge output to the environment and is more adaptable to change. -"homeostasis"- tendency for a family to act in ways that maintain the family's equilibrium or status quo. -consequence of homeostatis is that, if the problems of one family member imporve, the disturbance is likely to reappear elsewhere in the family

-described by mathematician in 40s and applied to family communication processes by Gregory Bateson -key feature is concept of feedback loop through which a system recieves information -negative feedback loop- reduces deviation and helps a system maintain status quo -positive feedback loop- amplifies deviation or change and thereby disrupts the system -in therapy, positive feedback promotes appropriate change in a dysfunctional famliy system

-grew out of research conducted @ the Mental Research Institute (MRI) by Gregory Bateson, Don Jackson, Virginia Satir, Jay Haley & tohers. -double-blind communication: conflicting negative injuctions ...eg.., "do that and you'll be punished" and "don't do that and you'll be punished"- with one injunction often being expressed verbally and the other nonverbally. In addition, recipient is not allowed to comment on them or seek help from someone else (found link b/n this concept and schizophrenia). -all behavior is communication -communication has "report" function and "command" fucntion. Report is the content (informational) and the comman is conveyed nonverbally and makes a statement about the relationship b/n communicators. Problems arise when the report & command are contradictory.