Final Exam

Political theory exam

23 cards   |   Total Attempts: 182
  

Cards In This Set

Front Back
“And truly it is a very natural and ordinary thing to desire to acquire, and always, when men do it who can, they will be praised or not blamed; but when they cannot and wish to do it anyway, here lie the error and the blame”
Machiavelli
    1. Men want to acquire new things
When they succeed, they are always praised
    1. Those who try and fail at the expense of their state are always blamed
“I conclude, thus, that without its own arms no principality is secure; indeed it is wholly obliged to fortune since it does not have virtue to defend itself in adversity”
Machiavelli
    1. Without its own army, a nation is nearly defenseless
    2. Auxiliary troops
Skilled and organized Final loyalty rests with ruler Leaves prince in debt to other ruler
    1. Mercenaries
Motivated by money Skilled Ambitious and untrustworthy Unskilled Cowardly and disorganized
“But when a prince who founds on the people knows how to command and is a man full of heart, does not get frightened in adversity, does not fail to make other preparations, and with his spirit and his orders keeps the generality of the people inspired, he will never find himself deceived by them and he will see he has laid his foundations well”
Machiavelli
    1. Princes can come to power through popular election
By nobles Naturally desire to oppress the common people When they realize they cannot oppress, they strengthen their position by electing a princs More difficult because nobles view prince as equal and arbitrarily chosen Risk desertion and active opposition Independent nobles Timid Ambitious Must be wary of Dependent nobles Honor and love these By common people Naturally resist oppression by nobles To protect themselves from oppression, they put their own as prince More genuine because they only look to be left alone Only risk desertion
“And many have imagined republics and principalities that have never been seen or known to exist in truth . . .”
    1. Machiavelli

    2. Theoretical ideas on how a prince should behave rarely work
Based on ideals
    1. Machiavelli seeks a more practical approach to the subject, where virtue is valued less
“I conclude, then . . . that since men love at their convenience and fear at the convenience of the prince, a wise prince should found himself on what is his, not on what is someone else’s; he should only contrive to avoid hatred, as was said.”
Machiavelli
    1. It is better to be feared than loved
Use cruelty with compassion and prudence Love creates atmosphere of chaos It is easy to break a bond of love, but the fear of punishment is a strong deterrent
    1. Ideal is to balance the two
“It happens similarly with fortune, which demonstrates her power where virtue has not been put in order to resist her . . .”
Machiavelli
    1. Two components to events in life
Fortune Free-will
    1. Fortune is like a river
    2. In order to control it, one needs to set up dykes, virtue, against it
“ . . . and which is worst of all, continual fear and danger of violent death, and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short”
Hobbes
    1. State of nature is a state of war
    2. Everything belongs to everyone which creates chaos
    3. Locke says that in a state of nature everyone is equally endangered
“we must consider what state all men are naturally in, and that it is a state of perfect freedom . . . [and a] state also equality.”
Locke
    1. Intersection of private property and the commonwealth
    2. One owns his body and therefore the labor created with it
  1. “When any number of men have so consented to make one community or government, they are thereby presently incorporated, and make one body politic, wherein the majority have a right to act and conclude the rest”(Locke 95).
Locke
    1. Establishment of a social contract
“Find out something that hath the use and value of money amongst his neighbors, you shall see the same man will begin presently to enlarge his possessions”
Locke
    1. Law of spoilage states that you should not take more than you can use
    2. Locke says that money was a way around this way by saying it’s okay to take beyond your means as long as you profit from it
“. . . every man has a property in his own person. This nobody has any right to but himself. The labour of his body and the work of his hands, we may say, are properly his.”
Locke
    1. Intersection of private property and the commonwealth
    2. One owns his body and therefore the labor created with it
“If man in the state of nature be so free . . . why will he part with his freedom? . . . he seeks out and is willing to join in society with others who are already united, or have a mind to unite for the mutual preservation of their lives, liberties, and estates, which I call by the general name, property”
Locke
    1. People enter into social contract to protect property
    2. Point of political society is for self-preservation through property
“How will man manage to see himself as nature formed him, through all the changes that the sequence of time and things must have produced in his original constitution . . .”
Rousseau
    1. Statue of Glaucus
What corrupts our statue (soul)? Passion for knowledge, which leads to errors If we understand this question, we can understand the underpinnings of political society Almost impossible to separate the true soul from the one created and corrupted by society
“To indicate in the progress of things the moment when, right taking the place of violence, nature was subjected to law; to explain by what sequence of marvels the strong could resolve to serve the weak, and the people to buy imaginary repose at the price of real felicity”
Rousseau
    1. Difference between Locke and Rousseau
    2. Social contract is not a series of calculated steps but a series of chance events
“ . . . we seek to know only because we desire to have pleasure; and it is impossible to conceive why one who had neither desires nor fears would go to the trouble of reasoning. The passions in turn derive their origin from our needs, and their progress from our knowledge”
Rousseau
    1. The pursuit of knowledge is a never-ending one
    2. Degrades the natural existence of man