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								The Earth is physically zoned from interior to exterior as:									 | 
								Inner core-outer core-lower mantle-transitional upper mantleasthenosphere- lithosphere. | 
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								According to the theory of plate tectonics, old lithospheric plates are recycled:									 | 
								C) in subduction zones,									 | 
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								The continents are at higher elevation than the oceanic abyssal floor because:									 | 
								The oceanic crust has a higher density than the continental crust									 | 
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								The method by which most heat is transferred through the asthenosphere is:									 | 
								Convection,									 | 
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								The continental basement is mainly composed of:									 | 
								Igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks,									 | 
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								When observing the elevation of the ocean floor across an oceanic fracture zone, the side with the oldest oceanic crust is _____________ and is ___________ the oceanic ridge segment where the crust was formed. | 
								Deeper / further away from,									 | 
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								The initial breakup (rifting) of the large supercontinent of Pangea is often attributed to:									 | 
								A) the thermal blanket effect,									 | 
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								In an amorphous solid, the ions are_____________.									 | 
								A) random, but in a stationary position,									 | 
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								A class of minerals that is commonly produced by crystallization of most types of magma is the __________ class. | 
								Silicate,									 | 
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								In the rock cycle, the formation of igneous rocks can best be related to:									 | 
								A) hot spots, b) plate tectonics | 
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								The oxygen and silicon in the silica tetrahedra are joined by __________ bonds which makes them ___________ to breaking across those bonds. | 
								B) covalent / resistant,									 | 
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								Very weak, electrostatic bonds that do not involve transfer of electrons are:									 | 
								D) Van der Waals,									 | 
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								Igneous rocks that have a fine-grained crystalline texture were produced by:									 | 
								C) rapid cooling of magma (lava) at or near the surface of the earth,									 | 
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								A structure typical of submarine basaltic (mafic) lava flows is:									 | 
								C) pillows,									 | 
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								The surface of an igneous silicic (felsic) lava that cooled rapidly at the Earth’s surface would most likely have a(n): | 
								C) glassy texture,									 |