Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration

They use light energy to synthesize food molecules

!) enzymes break large molecules into smaller ones (digestion) 2) other enzymes dismantle fragments extracting energy at each stage (catabolism)

Conversion of glucose to pyruvate followed by cellular respiration (conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and water in the presence of O2) which results in a release of large amounts of energy glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + energy(ATP)

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Substrate-level phosphorylation
and
chemiosmosis - the majority is made this way in the inner mitochondrial membrane -- requires O2

*The synthesis of ATP requires energy

Involves direct transfer of phosphate group to ADP from another molecule

-eg. phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) contains a high energy phosphate bond (similar to ATP), which can be transferred enzymatically to ADP

The gain of one or more electrons by an atom, ion, or molecule

Loss of one or more electrons

The transfer of electrons

Yes!

An "electron shuttle"

-exists in 2 forms; oxidized NAD+ and reduced NADH + H+

-functions as a coenzyme with dehydrogenases (specific type of enzyme)

-energy is harvested from glucose molecules in gradual steps using NAD+

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ATP formation in the mitochondria results from the flow of electrons through this.

-NADH molecules transfer electrons to a series of membrane protein complexes (NADH Q reductase, cytochrome reductase and cytochrome oxidase)

-in conjunction with electron transport down the respiratory chain, protons are pumped across the membrane from the matrix

The energy of the proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane is used to drive ATP synthesis

Returns protons to the matrix coupled with the synthesis of ATP