History of the Civil Rights Movement

· 1960s · Advisor to King in the SCLC · Leadership of the Communist Party USA- questioned and had trial but no evidence was found to convict him of being a communist. · Used MLK’s connection with Levison to justify putting wire taps in his room · King remained extremely loyal to Levison- shows strength of King’s perseverence

· 1898-1987 · Teacher from Charleston · NAACP in 1947, 1956 became VP of local chapter · Fired from teacher for NAACP activity · Columbia University and with DuBois at Atlanta University · Worked with Highlander Folk School · Centered around adult education and literacy · Spearheaded citizenship school efforts · 1960- organized Raleigh Conference, instrumental in founding SNCC · Advocate of group-centered leadership · Power of grassroots organization

· 1957 · Governor of Arkansas who defied Supreme Court (Brown V Board) order to integrate Little Rock Central High School · Important because he went against a federal court order and Eisenhower had to send in federal troops to enforce the law- first time this had been done since Reconstruction

· Mid 1950s · Used in Virginia · Senator Harry Byrd · Schools were called to integrate but closed instead

· Late 1950s-1960s · Kissing Case- litigator for NAACP. Boys were accused for rape for kissing a white girl, when really she initiated it. · Proponent of self defense “armed self defense”- important to show how armed self defense could leave to violence · During Freedom Rides, housed a white family in his home to keep them safe. Accused of kidnapping by police, fled the state, FBI issued a warrant for his arrest. Fled to Cuba · Wrote Negros with Guns

· Founded CORE, 1942 · Organized first Freedom Ride in 1941 · Took movement across state lines · Pioneer of direct action techniques that other groups learned from · Charismatic leadership style · Bridges black power gap between extreme blacks and moderates

· 1964 · Orientation was held at Miami University · Organized by COFO -Umbrella organization · SNCC also played a major role · Directed by Robert Moses · 10 wk program, 2 wk training program · Goals: voter registration, Freedom Schools, Freedom Houses · Targeted Mississippi because it has the lowest voter registration in the country · Created extreme violence · 90% volunteers were white · Produced MFDP · Led to Civil Rights Act of 1964 · Increases moral outrage · Lead to tension between white and black in SNCC, seed of the unravelment of SNCC because of masses of white and black students interacting together.

· Dates preceding Montgomery movement · Political machine composed of rich, white southern democrats that ruled Montgomery, Alabama when MLK and civil rights movement began · Tried to use their political influence to get whites to vote for pro-segregation tactics · Local political faction that made MLK change his strategy- wasn’t just about freeing and granting rights to blacks but helping whites see the light.

· Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party · SNCC and COFO formed to challenge the authority of the white democratic party · Established in April 1964 · Major part of Freedom Summer project · Elected 68 delegates to 1964 Democratic National Convention · Fannie Hamer was the vice-chair: Democratic party was less loyal to Democratic ideals of freedom than MFDP- challenged Johnson to deliver civil rights legislation · Significant because it proved that blacks were willing to participate in politics?? First organized political group.

· Marcus Garvey: University Negro Improvement Association · Shows the appeal of Black Nationalism before the civil rights movement ever acknowledged black power.

· Dean of Howard University Law School · Worked with NAACP Legal Team- got NAACP to get into the legality of civil rights movement · Established a fund for the NAACP legal branch- more autonomy because it separates it from the mainstream · Make south realize that things needed to actually be equal and abolish bigotry when they realized this wasn’t possible · Fought Jim Crow laws- sought to prove inequality of separate but equal · Trained Thurgood Marshall · “Man who killed Jim Crow”

· SNCC Chairman · Current US representative for Georgia for most of Atlanta district · Helped lead Selma · Speaker at March on Washington

· 1950s- significant before mainstream civil rights movement · Trained civil rights leaders like Rosa Parks, MLK, Abernathy, and John Lewis · Accused of being a communist school · No white teachers · No trained teachers but only people who could read and write · Initiator not administrator program · Closed by Tennessee in 1961

· Fought for banning literacy tests · Open voter registration schools · Acted on the bus boycott after Rosa Parks was elected · Montgomery · Formed in 1946 · Key members:

· A conscious objector who refused to register for the draft · Pro-gay rights which made him a target · Important in formation of SCLC and CORE · Involved in March on Washington?