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What are semivowels? What do they look like on the spectrogram?
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Semivowels/glides are really very short vowels which are acting phonologically as consonants.
[w]=[u]; [j] = [i]
• On the spectrogram glides have rapidly moving formants (depending on context) and less spectral energy than their corresponding vowels.
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With your IPA chart, describe which vowels are high, low, rounded, unrounded front vowels?
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 See image |
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With your IPA chart, describe which vowels are high, low, rounded, unrounded central vowels?
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 See image |
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With your IPA chart, describe which vowels are high, low, rounded, unrounded back vowels?
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 See image |
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Length can be _______ or _________.
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Length can be phonemic or phonetic:
– English has a phonemic or phonological length contrastwhich is manifest with distinct vowel quality (sometimes
called tense and lax) : eg. keep and kept, serene~serenity.
– English also has a phonetic length: eg. bet, bed.
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Vowels followed by ____ consonants are ______ than those followed by ______ consonants.
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Vowels followed by voiced consonants are longer than those followed by voiceless consonants.
• Canadian raising – long vowels have different quality before voiced and voiceless consonants. The vowel of knife is different
(raised) from that of knives
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Vowels are most frequently _____.
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Vowels are most frequently voiced but may sometimes be allo-phonically voiceless
– Japanese: hi vowels are voiceless between voiceless
consonants: su˳kiyaki, hi˳to
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How can we increase the possible number of vowel and consonant sounds?
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we can increase the possible number of
vowel and consonant sounds by the
addition or removal of other articulations
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Back unroundeded vowels are _____ than front rounded vowels.
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Back unrounded vowels less common than front rounded
vowels
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When rounded, consonants are called ____.
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Consonants when rounded are called labialized
– Symbol raised [w] eg.[pw, kw ] (Eg Chaha
– {gkr} 'be straight’ derived adjective : gʷǝkʷǝr 'straight'.
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Vowels are most frequently ___ but may also be ___. When nasal, they are pronounced with ___ velum.
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Vowels are most frequently oral but may also
be nasal- ie. pronounced with an open velum
– Many languages contrast nasal with oral vowels.
Eg. French, Portuguese
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What happens when English vowels are nasalized?
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Nasal airflow in French and English vowels goes all through the vowel for French nasal
vowels but partial for nasalised English vowels
– English vowels are nasalized by coarticulation
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Coarticulation is a ___ effect rather than a ____ change.
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coarticulation -- a phonetic
effect of a neighboring sound rather than a phonological
(feature) change
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What consonants can be pronounced with nasalization?
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Some consonants can be pronounced with
nasalization:
– approximants and fricatives bt not stops
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Describe velarization.
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Overlay of high back lax vowel articulation
Simultaneous with consonant articulation
Symbol: Either [ ɫ] or [dɤ ]
• Pharyngealization - overlay of pharyngeal
construction simultaneous with consonant articulation
Symbol: [dʕ ]
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