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Cards In This Set
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Circularity
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Presumes the truth of what is to be proved
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Ambiguous Argument
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Changes the meaning of a term or phrase within the argument. Also called equivocation
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Appeal to Emotion
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To stir up feelings instead of arguing in a logical manner
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Beside the Point
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Argues for a conclusion irrelevant to the issue at hand
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Straw Man
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Misrepresents an opponent's views
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Appeal to the crowd
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Most people believe ATherefore A is true
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Opposition
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Our opponents believe ATherefore A is false
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Genetic
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We can explain why you believe ATherefore A is false
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Appeal to Ignorance
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No one has proved ATherefore A is false
or No one has disproved ATherefore A is true |
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Post hoc ergo propter hoc
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A happened after BTherefore A was caused by B
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Part-Whole
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This is FTherefore every part of this is F
or Every part of this is FTherefore this is F |
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Appeal to Authority - Correct Form
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X holds that A is trueX is an authority on the subjectThe consensus of authorities agrees with XTherefore there's a presumption that A is ture
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Ad hominem - correct form (incorrect description)
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X holds that A is trueIn holding this, X violates legitimate rational standards (for example, X is inconsistent, biased, etc)Therefore X isn't fully reasonable in holding A
Incorrect forms use factors irrelevant to rational competence - ie. attacking the person, or concluding that A is false |
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Pro-con - correct form
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The reasons in favor of act A are...The reasons against act A are...The former reasons outweigh the latterTherefore A ought to be done
-incorrect forms consider only one side of the argument |
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Black and White
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This thinking oversimplifies by assuming that one or another of two extreme cases must be true. aka. a false dilemma.
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