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Related Flashcards
Cards In This Set
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1.
What are the major evolutionary novelties for
the lignophytes?
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1.
Vascular & Cork cambria, give rise to wood
& cork respectively
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1. Describe the cell divisions of a vascular
cambium during secondary growth.
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Vascular cambium divides tangentially, gives
rise to 2 circular layers, one of which can be differentiated into secondary
xylem when to the interior or secondary phloem when o the exterior. Other layer
remains vascular cambium.
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1.
What are the products of secondary growth of the
vascular cambium? The cork cambium?
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1.
Secondary growth of the vascular cambium gives
rise to secondary xylem aka wood & cork cambium gives rise to cork.
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1.
Define seed and ovule.
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1.
Seed=embryo (new plant arises from). Before
fertilization, seed is referred to as an ovule.
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1.
Including heterospory, name and describe the
steps that were involved in the evolution of the seed.
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1.
Heterospory=character of two types of spores
(develop in 2 dif sporangia) Endospory (female gametophyte develops entirely in
spore wall). One megaspore which can grow larger (more space/resources)
Megaspore remains in sporangium. Megasporangium surrounded by integument
(tissue with micropyle at farthest end—where pollen can reach & fertilize)
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1.
Review the stages of ovule and seed development,
and explain the lag period between pollination and fertilization.
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Megasporocyte meiosisà4 megaspores (3 die; megaspore
closest to ovule base survives) Pollen deposited to pollination chamber mature
& form pollen tubes (grow into megaspore’s chamber & accounts for lags
btwn pollination & fertilization)
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1.
Name four ways that seeds are adaptive.
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1.
1. Protection, 2. Dispersal method, 3. Help seed
survive dormancy, 4. Gives nutrients to seedling.
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1.
What is a gymnosperm, why are they called that,
and what major groups are included within
extant gymnosperms?
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1.
Gymno=part of Spermatophytes; have “naked”
seeds; don’t have carpel layer encasing ovaries; groups incl cycadophyta,
ginkgophyta, & conifer.
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1.
What is the definition of a cone (strobilus)?
What are the parts of a seed cone? A pollen cone?
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1.
Cones have sporophylls & sporangia &
modified leaves; produce/house reproductive structures & gametes/spores;
pollen cones=microsporophylls (microsporangiaàmicrospores);
seed cones=megasporophylls (megasporangiaà2
megaspores each)
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1.
What is the definition of a pine fascicle?
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1.
Pine fascicle is a short shoot composed of stem tissue, lasting bud scales, &
at least one needle-shaped leaf
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1.
What is the name of the structure in a female
pine cone that directly bears the ovules/seeds? From what was it evolutionarily
derived? What subtends this structure?
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1.
In female cone, ovuliferous scales house
seeds/ovules; derived from lateral shoot system; modified leaves (bracts)
subtend (enclose/surround) ovuliferous scales.
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1.
What are the diagnostic features of the
Pinaceae? Name several genera in the family.
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Diagnostic features of Pinaceae=ectomycorrhizal roots, simple evergreen
leaves w/ small pollen cones & woody seed cones w/ 2 seeds/ovuliferous
scale. Genera incl Abies (fir), Cedrus (cedar), Picea (spruce),
Pseudotsudga (Douglas-fir) & Tsuga (hemlock)
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1. How do the Araucariaceae and Cupressaceae
vary with respect to leaf morphology, microsporangia number, and ovule number
per scale? Name two important species of each family.
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1.
Araucariaceae leaves spiral or opposite &
broad to acircular. 5-20 microsporangia/microphyll & one ovule/ovuliferous
scale. Impot species incl Agathis australis (for timber & canoe building)
& Araucaria araucana (ornamental. Cupressaceae leaves linear, acicular, or
deltoid-subulate, sessile, petiole, or decurrant, & dimorphic, spiral,
opposite-decussate, or in whorls of 3-4. 2-10 microsporangia/microphyll, 2-10
ovules/ovuliferous scale. Impt species incl Juniperus & Sequoiadendron.
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1.
Name 2 apomorphies for the Gnetales.
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1.
Striate pollen & vessels w/ porose
perforation plates.
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