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Compare quantitative and qualitative methods of describing behaviour
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Qualitative research focuses on people behaving in natural settings and describing their world in their own words; quantitative research tends to focus on specific behaviors that can be easily quantified
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Describe naturalistic observation and describe methodological issues such as participation and concealment
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The researcher makes observations in a particular natural setting over an extended period of time. Researchers consider whether to be a participant or nonparticipant in the social setting. Concealment may help avoid influence. Limit the scope of their observation naturalistic observation cannot be used to study all issues or phenomena
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Describe systematic observation and discuss methodological issues such as the use of equipment, reactivity, reliability, sampling
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Careful observation of one or more specific behaviors in a specific setting Advantages of permanent record in using video tapeReactivity, presence of observer may affect people's behaviors Reliability and sampling
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Describe the feature of a case study
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Case study usually features an unusual noteworthy condition. Focused study on a particular individual or specific setting
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---Explain how researchers use inferential statistics to evaluate sample data
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IS are used to determine whether we can make statements that the results reflect that would happen if we were to conduct the experiment again with multiple samples
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Distinguish between the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis
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The null hypothesis means that the population means are equal, that the observed difference is due to random error. Research hypothesis is that the population means are not equal. NH states the the IV had no effect, RH states the the IV did have an effect
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Discuss probability in statistical reference, as well as the meaning of statstical significance
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Probability is the likelihood of the occurrence of some event or outcome. A significant result is one that has a very low probability of occurring if the population means are equal. The probability required for significance is called the alpha level and is often .05
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Describe the t test, and explain the difference between one-tailed and two-tailed tests
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The t test is most commonly used to examine whether two groups are significantly different from each other. Research hypothesis either (1) specified a direction of difference between the groups or (2) did not specify a predicted direction of difference
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Describe the F test, including systematic variance and error variance
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The f test is a more general statistical procedure than the t test. Systematic variance is the deviation of the group means from the grand meanError variance is the deviation of the individual scores in each group from their respective group means
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Distinguish between Type I and II errors
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Type I error is made when we reject the null hypothesis but the null hypothesis is actually true. Type II error occurs when the null hypothesis is accepted although in the population the research hypothesis is true
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Discuss the factors that influence the probability of a type II error
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Type II error is less sever than a Type I. Using the decision matrix
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Discuss the reasons a researcher may obtain nonsignificant results
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Alpha level, small sample size, small effect size
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Discuss power of a statistical test
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To select a sample size on the basis of a desired probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis
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Describe the criteria for selecting an appropriate statistical test
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(1) nominal scale properties - such as male and female(2) interval/ratio scale properties with many values such as reaction time
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