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What are carbonyls?
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Aldehydes and ketones are collectively known as carbonyls
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What is a carbonyls functional group?
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Draw functional group
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How are carbonyls formed?
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Carbonyls are formed by the oxidation of alcohols.
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How are aldehydes made?
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Partial oxidation of a primary alcohol results in the formation of an aldehyde.
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How are ketones made?
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Oxidation of a secondary alcohol results in the formation of a ketone.
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Which conditions and which catalysts are used when Primary alcohols, secondary alcohols and aldehydes are oxidized?
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Using potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) in sulphuric acid (H2SO4). Gentle warming is necessary to start the reaction.
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What is the main difference between aldehydes and ketones?
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In the reactions of aldehydes and ketones is that aldehydes can be readily oxidized to carboxylic acids but ketones are not readily oxidized.
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Which test can be used to distinguish between an Aldehyde and Ketone?
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Tollens Reagent
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State the overall reaction for the Tollens Reagent test.
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R-CHO + 2[Ag(NH3)2]+ + H2O -> RCOOH + 2Ag + 4NH3 + 2H+
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Which reducing agent is used to reduce Aldehydes and Ketones and what are they reduced to?
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Can be reduced to primary and secondary alcohols respectively using the reducing agent NaBH4.
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Which carbonyl cannot be reduced by NaBH4?
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Carboxylic acids cannot be reduced using NaBH4
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Why do carbonyl undergo nucleophillic addition?
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Carbonyls are unsaturated and can thus undergo addition reactions. The C=O bond is polar so the carbon is a positive centre. Thus carbonyls can react with nucleophiles
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Describe the general equation, reagents, conditions and the equation for the addition of HCN.
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addition of HCN: carbonyl -> hydroxynitrile
reagents: KCN and HCl(aq) conditions: room temperature equation: R1-CO-R2 + HCN à R1-C(CN)(OH)-R2 |
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Reactions of Carboxylic acids with bases, describe general formula and Why?
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Carboxylic acids are weak acids; they dissociate partially in water to form carboxylate (or alkanoate) salts.
R-COOH(aq) + H2O(l) == >RCOO-(aq) + H3O+(aq) |
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Reaction of Carboxylic Acids with Sodium Hydroxide, describe the general formula and name its products.
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Carboxylic acids react with sodium hydroxide to produce the sodium salt and water:
R-COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) à R-COO-Na+(aq) + H2O(l) |
